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If you work around dust or chemicals, chances are respiratory protection is a major building block of your PPE program.
Types of Respiratory Protection
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- Full and Half-Mask: Multiple-use facepieces with replaceable air-purifying cartridges and filters.
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- Supplied-Air: Purified, pressure-regulated air pumped from a central unit or canister to one or more hoods and facepieces.
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- Escape: Portable canisters provide clean air to hoods and facepieces over a short duration for escape during emergency situations.
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Types of Filters and Cartridges
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- Particulates: Certain dusts, fumes, and mists that can cause lung damage if present over certain concentrations. Types of particulate filters include:
| Rating |
Particulate Filtration |
Oil resistance |
| N95 |
Filters at least 95% of airborne particles |
Not oil resistant |
| N99 |
Filters at least 99% of airborne particles |
| N100 |
Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles |
| R95 |
Filters at least 95% of airborne particles |
Oil Resistant |
| P95 |
Filters at least 95% of airborne particles |
Oil Proof
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| P100 |
Filters at least 99.97% of airborne particles |
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- Organic Vapors (OV): Vapors from organic liquids, including gasoline, certain solvents, paints, and thinners.
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- Acid Gases (AG):Highly toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and others.
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- Alkalines: Include ammonia, methylamine, phosphine, and others.
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- Other classes of cartridges add protection for formaldehyde, mercury vapor, chlorine, and others.
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Designing an OSHA-Compliant Respiratory Program
According to OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.134, an effective respiratory protection program covers thefollowing factors:
• A written program detailing specific procedures for your worksite.
• Implementation of equipment and procedures to reduce respiratory hazards.
• Selection of an appropriate NIOSH-approved respirator.
• Training of employees in proper respirator use and hazard recognition.
• Proper fit testing, inspection, cleaning, maintenance, and storage of respirators.
• Medical surveillance and evaluation of employees.
• Monitoring of air quality standards in your work area.
• Periodic evaluation of program implementation and compliance.
Visit www.osha.gov to view the complete standard, as well as other resources available to help you ensure asafe, compliant respiratory program.
Why Respiratory Protection is Important
Health hazards in the workplace are a major concern for both employers and employees. It is important, though, to remember that hazardous materials only present a health hazard when they come into contact with your body. Hazardous materials can enter your body in three ways:
1. Ingestion
2. Skin Absorption
3. Inhalation
Because many substances which are health hazards can become airborne, knowing how to protect yourself is very important.
Inhalation
Of the three ways that hazardous materials can enter your body, inhalation is the most common route of exposure for most materials which are health hazards. This includes breathing in dust, fumes, oil mist, and vapors from solvents and various gases.
Potential Hazards
- Dusts
Dusts are formed whenever solid material is broken down into tiny particles. Dusts are often produced during sanding and grinding operations.
- Vapors
Vapors are substances that are created when a solid or liquid material evaporates. Materials that evaporate easily at room temperature include paint thinner, solvents, and gasoline.
- Mists & Sprays
Mists and sprays are very small droplets of liquid material suspended in the air. They are often produced by spray and coating operations.
- Gases
Gases are materials that become airborne at room temperature. Gases may have an odor, but many do not. Some gases can be seen, but again, others cannot. Gases may be heavier than air, or lighter than air, but in either case, can travel for great distances undetected.
- Fumes
Fumes can occur whenever a metal, plastic, or polymer is subjected to a high heat during such processes as welding and soldering operations.
- Smoke
Smoke is made up of small particles produced by the incomplete combustion of any material that has carbon in it. Smoke is often produced during processes that require high heat or burning as part of the manufacturing process.
Selecting the Correct Respirator
The first step in selecting the correct respirator is to determine the level of hazard that is posed by the environment. To do this, you must be able to answer four basic questions:
1. What type of contaminant is present?
2. What is the form of the contaminant?
3. How toxic is the contaminant?
4. What is the concentration of the contaminant?
Issuing Respirators
- All employees are required to complete and pass a medical evaluation prior to being assigned a task that requires the use of a respirator.
- If an employee is medically cleared, they must be fit tested to ensure that the respirator will seal properly around the wearers face.
Fit Testing the Respirator
There are two types of fit testing.
- Qualitative Fit Testing – this method utilizes chemicals such as Isoamyl Acetate or Bitrex to determine whether a respirator is properly sealed.
- Quantitative Fit Testing – this method utilizes equipment such as a PortaCount system which will measure the amount of particulate that leaks through the seal of the respirator.
Fit testing is required on an annual basis or anytime an individual may have experienced a change in facial features that might affect the seal of the respirator. Examples include dental work, weight gain or loss, scarring, etc.
Inspection Before Use
As with all PPE, respirator wearers must inspect their respirator prior to use. Things that they will look for are:
- Cracks or holes in the breathing tube or airline
- Worn or frayed straps
- Worn or damaged fittings
- Bent or corroded buckles
- Dirty or improperly seated valves
Respirators with any of the problems described above must be repaired or replaced.
Donning the Respirator
- With one hand, hold the respirator to your face.
- While holding the respirator in place, slip the head harness over your head.
- Adjust and tighten the head harness straps until the respirator fits snugly to your face. The best way to tighten a respirator is to tighten the straps from the bottom up.
NOTE: Always check the guidelines provided by the manufacturer before donning, fitting, and using your respirator.